Thursday, October 31, 2019
ICE Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
ICE Paper - Essay Example ty in Facebook continues to increase after the guarantee that Facebook is on the lookout for security lapses and always striving to enhance privacy controls. The fact that Facebook works with other security experts to ensure that its privacy controls are updated is proof that the company puts the privacy of its users in the forefront. In the article Our Commitment to the Facebook Community, Zuckerberg says, â€Å"We also work with regulators, advocates and experts to inform our privacy practices and policies†(Tow 1). Consequently, Facebook pursues new privacy monitoring standards as reviewed by the industry players. There are also agreements that Facebook participates in which create frameworks on how internet services company ought to approach security concerns in the U.S and other countries around the globe. It shows that Facebook recognizes the need to keep alert as the internet is prone to changes that may make privacy controls at one time outdated. There is a need to lia ise with other industry players and experts so as to identify the privacy loopholes and devise ways to handle them appropriate. In the end, the biggest beneficiaries are the users as their privacy concerns are taken care of. Facebook has the privacy concerns of its users every time. It conducts security and privacy access checks every day to enhance the experience of the users. Zuckerberg asserts, â€Å"We do privacy access checks literally tens of billions of times each day to ensure were enforcing that only the people you want see your content. These privacy principles are written very deeply into our code†(Tow 1). It is the concern of the user that the material he or she posts be only accessible to intended people. There emerge loopholes that hackers explore to access materials that users want to keep private. The privacy checks are meant to identify these loopholes and acts immediately to seal them. Facebook conducts the checks on a daily basis to handle any emerging problems as early as
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
The Relationship between Working Parents and Children Socialization Essay Example for Free
The Relationship between Working Parents and Children Socialization Essay First Part The Problem of the Study and its Importance The importance of this study arises from its subject socialization, which hardly reflects many social, cultural and political problems that any society may live at any stage of its history, where during socialization process transferring the values and norms of society in which he wished planted in the hearts of its citizens to preserve the entity and deal with its problems. About Kuwaiti society it seems more important in this period of its history, which saw open to the world cultures out side Kuwaiti state and seek with global problems, that period also increased the degree of urbanization and complexity in the social systems that simple traditional Arab society, which was based on direct relations and Layout and tribal system, but now they have become the socialization process more difficult and complex and become dangerous, because women left for work and hiring nannies foreigners in the upbringing of children, which led to the shrinking role of the family in the process of generations socialization. The family is the first and the largest social institution that carry responsibility is rearing generations, but unique in some stages of its history. The family is the social association consists of a husband, wife and children or without children. may also consist of the husband alone with a children or wife alone, with their children. The family has expanded to include grandparents, and some relatives to be involved in one living with the husband and wife and children (Ogburn Nimkoff, 1995). The family may be defined as the smallest, organized, and most basic durable network of survival (Stackm 1996, P.31) we define family as any group of people related either biologically, emotionally, or legally. That is, the group of people that the patient defines as significant for his or her well-being (McDaniel et al., 2005, P.2). As the social environment in which the child relates to outside world, and responsible for giving the child attributes and characteristics of his personality and the styles parents in the upbringing consequent results reflected in the extremely important on the personality of children as well as the type of relationship that grows between parents and children and how the transaction is a significant factor included in the formation of the childs personality. (CM. Felming 1999, P26). The family is the first social unit, which carry the responsibility of upbringing children and trying to provide them with characteristics and attributes that help them to be good citizens in society, as well as prepare them socially to be able to confront live conditions and have the ability to face the problems met during their daily lives, also the family permissive atmosphere may satisfy children emotional needs, because if the child feel safe and trust in the family , it makes him adjustment with their people around him. The socialization process of preparing the individual from birth, to be a social and a member in society. The family is the first environment responsible this preparation by receiving child, learn him social behavior and learn native language and cultural heritage as customs, traditions, social traditions and take, it seems resistance to these specifications and values in the same ones arise as a viable member of society and the family in this would hardly have an environment in which the other. Young humans are the most helpless of all creatures: unable to feed themselves, walk, and talk for many months, and not fully independent for many years. Young children have the biological potential to learn human skills, but they cannot do so alone. The few known cases of children reared in isolation – children who survived with absolute minimum care – indicate that humans cannot even learn to walk without social contact.            The nature of early human interaction was of particular interest to the American Sociologists Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, Cooley developed the concept of the â€Å"looking-glass-self†– the idea that we develop individual identity by how others see us, Mead elaborated on this idea with his notion of significant others – people whose judgments are important to us. Children first shape their behavior according to norms enforced by significant others. In time, they obey guidelines on their own. They have developed a conscience through a process that sociologists call internalization. Human learn the ways of the society from agents of socialization. The most important of these in a child’s early years is the family. Through it, the child acquires the first statuses and rules (son or daughter, brother or sister) and learns basic values and norms. (for instance – sex role socialization – the different behaviors expected of male and female). At an early age, at least, a child is also exposed to other agents – television. While tv entertains and communicates knowledge, it also imparts values such as competitiveness and violence as a solution to problems. Communities are different like social and educational institutions in the path taken by the methods and means of the practice of socialization of its members in an attempt to preserve its existence and transfer of their culture and their heritage to future generations, and families are different in the educational methods and ways of socialization, which parents deals with their children in the daily situations of for controlling their behavior and orientation and acquisition of the desired behavioral patterns derived from religion, language, values, traditions and knowledge of parents, and this difference is due to several factors, some of them related to parents themselves the educational and cultural level and the level of economic and social status of the family and other factors related to the construction of culture and circumstances of the family addition the parents acquired during their childhood and their educational and life experience, as well as the conditions of society itself and the degree of urbanization faced by the goals it seeks to achieve. The changes that have taken place in Arab Society in General and Kuwaiti society in particular led to the effects of direct and indirect on socialization process which, the Kuwaiti society is a homogeneous society has cultural identity and religious and nationality Kuwaiti society affected by global changes and the culture of the neighboring States, both in patterns Conduct or social practices, which led to changes in methods of socialization for social change undergone by the community must be taken into account in the study of socialization trying to understand the methods and the associated problems where family relations in general is linked to culture and prevailing conditions of society, so a social studies confirm a change in the pattern of relations prevailing in the Arab society in general and in particular the Gulf society and the Saudi society as one of the society that have undergone a period of rapid economic and social change over the past decades, what to call the peri od of economic boom. These socioecomic changes included cultural changes, including family pattern of dealing in particular with regard to the authority of the father in the family, which led to some sort of disagreement among some families in terms of decision-making in many things related to children. (Abd El Aziz El Shatry, 2004. P12).            Socialization is a learning process that begins shortly after birth. Early childhood is the period of the most intense and the most crucial socialization. It is then that we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture. It is also when much of our personality takes shape. However, we continue to be socialized throughout our lives. As we age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. We also have experiences that teach us lessons and potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and personality. For instance, the experience of being raped is likely to cause a woman to be distrustful of others. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm            Looking around the world, we see that different cultures use different techniques to socialize their children. There are two broad types of teaching methodsformal and informal.  Formal education is what primarily happens in a classroom. It usually is structured, controlled, and directed primarily by adult teachers who are professional knowers. In contrast, informal education can occur anywhere. It involves imitation of what others do and say as well as experimentation and repetitive practice of basic skills. This is what happens when children role-play adult interactions in their games. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm            Most of the crucial early socialization throughout the world is done informally under the supervision of women and girls. Initially, mothers and their female relatives are primarily responsible for socialization. Later, when children enter the lower school grades, they are usually under the control of women teachers. In North America and some other industrialized nations, baby-sitters are most often teenage girls who live in the neighborhood. In other societies, they are likely to be older sisters or grandmothers. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm            During the 1950s, Margaret Mead led an extensive field study of early socialization practices in six different societies. They were the Gusii  of Kenya, the Rajputs  of India, the village of Taira  on the island of Okinawa in Japan, the Tarong  of the Philippines, the Mixteca  Indians of central Mexico, and a New England community that was given the pseudonym Orchardtown. All of these societies shared in common the fact that they were relatively homogeneous culturally. Two general conclusions emerged from this study. First, socialization practices varied markedly from society to society.  Second, the socialization practices were generally similar among people of the same society. This is not surprising since people from the same culture and community are likely to share core values and perceptions. In addition, we generally socialize our children in much the same way that our parents socialized us. Margaret Mead and her fellow researchers found that different methods were used to control children in these six societies. For instance, the Gusii primarily used fear and physical punishment. In contrast, the people of Taira used parental praise and the threat of withholding praise. The Tarong mainly relied on teasing and scaring. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm As the shift from extended family to nuclear family in Kuwaiti society to maximize family responsibility of the couple, house wife, who become people to become directly responsible for the care of all the affairs, which doubled because of increasing demands of modern life and the consequent accumulation of burdens also economic and social changes in Kuwaiti society and increasing opportunities for education and awareness among women led to participate in bearing the burden of living life by coming to work. Increasing women coming to work led to a change of roles within the family and led to the women to do anther works and roles, which impact on the care and socialization of children. The woman going out to work has important implications for building family. Human infants are born in our world without any culture, tradition or religion. They must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural and socially adept animals. The general process of acquiring culture is referred to as socialization. During socialization, we learn the language of the culture we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life. For instance, girls learn how to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers. In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society has in store for them. We also learn and usually adopt our cultures norms through the socialization process.  Norms are the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society. While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term enculturation  for the process of being socialized to a particular culture. You were enculturated to your specific culture by your parents and the other people who raised you. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm Socialization is important in the process of personality formation. While much of human personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can mold it in particular directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing experiences. These very likely accounts for much of the difference between the common personality types in one society which is in comparison to one another. For instance, the Semai tribesmen of the central Malay Peninsula of Malaysia typically are gentle people who do not like violent, aggressive individuals. In fact, they avoid them whenever possible. In contrast, the Yanomamà ¶Ã‚ Indians on the border area between Venezuela and Brazil usually train their boys to be tough and aggressive. The ideal Yanomamà ¶ man does not shrink from violence and strong emotions. In fact, he seeks them out. Likewise, Shiite Muslim men of Iran are expected at times to publicly express their religious faith through the emotionally powerful act of self-inflicted pain. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.htm            Even try to make appropriate and balance between working inside and outside the family including the following: Womens work leads to a redistribution of roles within the family and its profound impact on husband and wife psychology as well as its impact on children. Often accompanied by womens employment and redistribution of roles within the family conflict in these roles, which is reflected negatively children social up brining who leave and the woman going out to work where their ambitions in education and desire to occupy the highest positions from the point of her desire to marriage and independence the second makes it confuse two different things so that one at the expense of the other spouse publicized that the family unit is losing its essential component and thus begin differences that lead to conflict. Womens work may lead to increase the divorce rate and complains the courts due to marital troubles and problems, which could be seen as a result of disagreement between traditional values that put in the hands of men influence power and authority the new circumstances that opens new horizons for women. Accompanied of womens employment some problems as crime and juvenile delinquent as due to children left for domestic and nannies to care weaken social upbringing. Weaken values and religious values in addition to the effective of control of the parents of children with a sense of vacuum, all that highlights the social problems that lead children to deviance (Rafaat Besher, 2003, P.24). As the women employment in Kuwaiti state, and in the absence of sufficient nurseries have qualified supervision, as well as the economic boom, led to the hiring nannies and servants who carry out social service and welfare of children and their development and it is further bad that these nurses and workers from foreign countries differ culture, customs, traditions and the culture of healthy habits and the Kuwaiti society which has had a negative effect, including. (Ministry Of Working And Social Affairs, 1983, P60). Feeling of alienation and loss of children due to parental negligence. Lack of strong correlation and ties with one or both parents. Distribution of children between parents and nannies. Conflicting methods of socialization. Wide spreading of western social values which are different from the Kuwaiti values. Exposure to educational methods wrong. Impact the natural language acquisition and false information. The effects of foreign nannies seem in spreading of many of the practices and habits of Western society, which negatively affects the behavior patterns prevailing. Newspapers have several and numerous ethical and behavioral problems that occurred and practiced by servants and nannies and their impact on the upbringing of children (Refaat Bacheer, 2003, P. 243). Second Part Objectives of the study and its purposes The present study aims at identify the nature of socialization process and important techniques and methods of socialization that used by the family with working woman and other without working woman, also identifying factors effect on the nature of socialization. Purposes of the study 1- Identifying techniques and methods of socialization that was used by Kuwait families with their children. 2- Disclosure of the great differences between socialization techniques and methods of families with working woman and others without working woman. 3- The impact of the use of foreign nannies on the socialization of Kuwaiti child. 4- Identifying the affected factors on socialization process of Kuwait child. Third Part Questions of the Study What are the techniques and methods of socialization used by Kuwaiti family with children? and is there any different between these techniques and methods in both families with working woman and other without working woman ? What is the impact of using foreign nannies on socialization process for Kuwaiti child ? What is the impact of working woman on socialization process for Kuwaiti child? What are the main factors that affect a child’s socialization process in Kuwait? Fourth part Methodology of the Study            The present study concerns with collecting data by using multi approaches through literature review related to the study problem,            Interview, social survey by sample way, schedule for two samples of families one of them includes working woman while other without working woman. In the following, the researcher will address, in detail, the study methodology : Literature review : The first step to conduct the present study is to shed light on literature review related to the study subject whether it focuses on socialization process or focuses on working woman in the Arab Gulf societies in general and in particular in Kuwaiti society. This part literature review will form and help the quality and design the study methodology. Family survey and interviews: The present study depends on social survey method to answer the study questions and to achieve its goals, also social survey may aims at identifying techniques and methods used by Kuwaiti families to social up bringing their children. Also the effect of using foreign nannies on socialization process for children. Social survey also will provide with information and experiences about these subjects, and describe the current situation, design plan or program for social reform. Finally it helps to understand the study problem and factors caused it (Robert Barker , 1999, P, 32) Sample: The researcher will select about (200) family to conduct the present study from Kuwaiti society, (100) of them has working woman and (100) family has non working woman. Sample of working wives work in the Ministry of Educational , the researcher will select similar sample taking in considerations the following variables : Disclosure of the great differences of families with working woman and the other families without working woman. Duration of the marriage is not less than 15 years. The existence of children, so the family should consists of not less than (3) children and their aged not les than (12) years. Data collectors The researcher will collect data by himself; he will meet families by using schedule interview. Data collection instruments: Questionnaires Recorder Handouts and Guides The schedule of Interview It consists of: Primary data Techniques and methods used by families in bringing up their children. The impact of working woman in socialization of their children Family suggestions to meet social problems due to working woman. Data Analysis            Data analysis will use quantitative analysis of certain transactions transact such as statistical ratio / middle / standard deviations , K2 / correlations, as well as qualitative analysis of the study data. The first and most important consideration in designing a study is its objectives. Statistical inference in particular, tests of statistical significance may be of little interest, in which case statistical power need not be considered in determining the sample size needed. A researcher may instead wish to monitor a particular area mainly as a descriptive tool. If data are gathered in a standardized fashion (Ralph et al.1993), the data from one area can contribute to regional or national monitoring programs, which likely have statistical inference as an objective. In many cases the number of stations will be limited by available resources or by the physical areas of interest. Some researchers will be able to establish one, or at most, a couple of demographic monitoring stations. In those cases placement of the station will usually be constrained by the location and size of the place of interest, by the density of the people of special concern, or be centered on the location of the families or persons of interest. Power calculations and sample size calculations both rely on the presumed magnitude of the effect in question. Clearly, the greater the presumed effect, the greater the power will be to detect that effect, and, conversely, the smaller the necessary sample size to detect an effect at a parental power. The difficulty here is that the true difference between groups is unknown, and furthermore one cannot necessarily use the observed magnitude of an effect (e.g., observed difference between two groups) as the criterion for judging power. The following is a selective review of some statistical terms relevant to a researcher conducting a monitoring study. Our intention here is to re- acquaint the reader with terms and principles that may have rested dormant for many years. Accuracy An estimator is accurate if it produces estimates that are, on average, close to the true value, i.e., without bias or with a minimum of bias. Accuracy is independent of precision (below). An estimate can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, or both accurate and precise. The difficulty is that often the true value is unknown and therefore accuracy is difficult to judge, except for simulated data where an investigator knows the true values. Bias The difference between the average estimate (more precisely, the expected value of the estimate) and the true value. Bias is not the same as à ¬errorà ®, rather it is one kind of error, systematic error. If an estimate is as likely to be an overestimate as it is to be an underestimate, the estimator in question is unbiased, even though there will always be error associated with an estimate. To minimize bias would, by de?nition, maximize accuracy. Precision Refers to the variability of the estimate: the smaller the variability (and thus the smaller the standard error) of the estimate, the greater the precision. As mentioned above, precision is independent of accuracy. An estimate can be very precise, but wildly inaccurate (i.e., strongly biased). Type I and Type II errors Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct is committing a Type I error. The probability of committing a Type I error is symbolized and is the significance level of a test of statistical inference. Duration of the study: It begins from selecting sample and collecting data; literature review and writing the final report of the study. Fifth part Time plan May Literature review June July August Identifying / selecting sample September October Design data collection instruments viability / validity November December Schedule test January Data collection February March April Data correction May Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis June July Writing the research report August SIX PART: References Abd El Baset Mohamed Hassan, Social Research, Cairo , Wahba library, 1998. Abd El Aziz El Shatry , Family and its, Roles in Behavioral guidenc, ouet, Monhal Journal No, 563, 2001. B. Hurlock, Development of psychology, New Delhi , Mc Grow Hull , Publishing co, 1993. M, Felming, Adolesnt, social psychology , London, Rotelds kegan poul, 1999. Ibrahim Madkor, Social science Dictionary, Cairo, Publish institution for Books, 1990. Ministry of social Affairs on marking, the impact of foreign sisters , on the question family, Kuwait, 1993. McDaniel, S.H., Cambell, T.L., Hepworth, J., Lorenz, A. Family-oriented primary care (2nd ed). New York, NY: Springer , 2005. Stack, C.B. All our kin. New york, NY : Basic Books, 1996. Ogburn Nimkoff, technology and changing family, Cambridge , mass, 1955. Refat Besheer, social change in Arab gulf country , Dueit , Zot El salasl, 1987 Robert Barsker, Social work Dictionary, Washington N.A.S.W, 1999 Refe (united Nations Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved July 11, 2005, From http://www.un.org/overview/rights.html , 1948.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Homosexual Marriage Love
Homosexual Marriage Love What are the rules of marriage? Who makes these rules and what are they based on? Is marriage for everyone? These are just a few questions that boggle peoples minds when it comes to the matter of same sex marriage. In the ethical issue of same sex marriage, the union of two people who genuinely love each other should be considered over moral reasons against same sex marriage.  Many people feel that same sex marriage should be illegal because they feel that homosexual couples are unable to make the same contributions to society that heterosexual marriages are able to make, but this is not so. Homosexual marriages do not affect society in a negative way and should be legal and recognized just as heterosexual marriages are. Several factors are considered when trying to determine the legality of same sex marriages. One factor is the economic advantage because of the benefits given by the government to married couples. Another is the issue of children and whether homosexuals can contribute to society by caring for their offspring. The biggest concern is the moral effect that homosexuality has on the society. Although people feel that same sex marriages will lessen the standards of society, should the government be allowed to prohibit marriage because the vast majority of the population is bothered by it? Same sex marriage should be legal. In the 1990s, gays and lesbians tried to establish themselves in â€Å"main stream†American life (Perkel, Marc). Many people were â€Å"coming out,†and society had to find ways to deal with this new outward demonstration of homosexuality. During this time, homosexuality became more common on television, in movies and other realms of media. This caused an uprise amongst conservatives who were against homosexuality. Soon after this new outward display of homosexuality became more prevalent, homosexuals not only wanted to be socially accepted , they wanted the right to get married (Same Sex). Society and the government have gone back and forth on this issue and many decisions have been made and subsequently turned over. Neither the constitution nor federal statutes offer clear-cut protection for Americans from the prevalent discrimination based on sexual orientations. States were responsible for both laws concerning same sex orientation and same sex marriages. The laws on homosexuality vary from state to state. Vermont is currently the only state to have legalized same sex marriage. Heterosexual couples eligible to marry can have their marriage performed in any state and have it recognized in every other sate in the nation and every country in the world. Couples who are joined in a civil union in Vermont have no guarantee that their marriage protections will even travel with them to neighboring states such as New York or New Hampshire. This is not right and should not be acceptable. If we pride ourselves on being a country founded on the equality of all, how can we deny o ur own citizens this right on the basis of sexual preference? During Former President Clintons tenure, he signed the Defense of Marriage Act on September 21, st 1996. This denied federal recognition of same sex marriages. Many people feel that same sex unions, which are practically the same as marriage, minus some small benefits, would be more appropriate for homosexual couples. alternatively, some recommend â€Å"domestic partnerships.†Under a domestic partnership, homosexual partners have all the same rights as married couples; however, they are not married and are not socially considered married. Today the problem lies with homosexuals feeling that â€Å"same sex unions†and â€Å"domestic partnerships†are not enough and that marriage should be a right allowed to all citizens regardless of sexual orientation. Comparing marriage to civil unions is like comparing diamonds to cubic zirconium. One is quite simply the real thing, the other is not. On the contrary, conservatives say that homosexual marriage is an oxymoron and should not be legal. Robert Knight, the author of Same Sex Marriages Should Not Be Legal, claims that â€Å"marriage is the union between a man and a woman, the most important social institution around the world. Legalizing same sex marriage would turn the state against those who believe in the traditional definition of marriage.†Many people in America agree with Robert Knight; however, the number of people who are for same sex marriage is steadily increasing. More and more people are realizing that the legality of same sex marriage does not turn the state against heterosexual couples, but rather allows two people who love each other the right to be married regardless their of sexual orientation. The love one person has for another should not and cannot be confined to sexual orientation. Because people do not agree with the marriage between two people, does not mean that marriage should not take place. What is marriage? Most would say the legal union of a man and a woman. Conservatives say that homosexuals fail to meet the â€Å"requirements†of marriage. They say that same sex marriages lessen family values and that having gay parents will make their children more inclined to be gay. These individuals say that homosexuals cannot contribute to society in the form of procreation. Finally, conservatives feel that homosexuals are sinful from a religious stand point. While these arguments are all very compelling and understandable, they are merely opinions and the law should never be based on opinions, but rather on facts, justice, and equality. Concerning family values, who has the right to set the rules for the way a family should be? All families are different and changes should not be shunned but rather embraced (Whats Wrong). A homosexual marriage does not affect other people of society. Take two men for example. Society has to see the couple together out side of their home. What difference would society see if that same couple were married? The answer in none, homosexual marriage does not affect society in a negative way. Society is affected the same way by a heterosexual couple. Children who are raised by two loving parents will grow up to become their own people because of all the support and nourishment they have been given. It does not matter if those two loving parents are a mother and a father or two mothers or two fathers (Perkel, Marc). Physically homosexuals cannot procreate, but that does not mean that they can not contribute to society through raising children. There are millions of children who want to be in a home with people who love them. Foster children are often sent from foster home to foster home, which leads to a very unstable childhood. Presently, between 1million and 9 million children are being raised by gay, lesbian and bisexual parents in the United States (Roleff). Conservatives say that homosexuals will not be able to provide a stable house for children, but a home with two caring parents is far more stable than a foster home where a child rarely receives attention. Studies show that unmarried people seeking to adopt a child are over 20 percent less likely than a married couple to be given a child (Whats wrong). Same sex marriages provide a foundation for same sex couples care for children, thus benefiting society in the form of supporting off spring into the next generation. If homosexuals should not be allowed to get married based on their inability to procreate, then heterosexual couples who are infertile, who choose not to have children or are elderly should also not be considered married (Henry). Many people feel that from a religious stand point, same sex marriage is wrong. In fact, Christianity, Judaism and Islam, three major religions, do not condone homosexuality or same sex marriage. However, all three of these religions believe in loving thy neighbor. Bishops Joseph Charron, of the Roman Catholic Church says that â€Å"No same sex union can realize the unique and full potential which the marital relationship expresses†(Ford). As Christians, God teaches us to love everyone and not to punish sinners but to try to have them converted. The Roman Catholic Church does not believe that homosexuals fulfill Gods requirements for marriage. On the contrary, they do believe that they should be treated with compassion. Its true that most religions do not accept homosexuality as being morally right under Gods eyes. However, society cannot play the role of God. The government cannot decide what constitutes love and whether or not the love between two people is just. That is no t societys place and the government should not make laws based on our religious views and beliefs. Our Constitution requires the separation of church and state, and this must be carried out. The economic factor that comes with marriage is also something that homosexual couples want. Married couples are entitled to things like shared tax returns, special tax exemptions, deductions and refunds, coverage for the uninsured under the spouses medical care, disability and life insurance plans, survivor benefits, social security and pension plans, inheritance free from taxation, next of kin status in the case of an emergency and mental incapacity or death. These are all the things that married couples have and all the things that homosexual couples cannot attain. Should a person be denied these benefits for the rest of their life because they are in love with a person of the same sex and cannot be married? As a society, people need to be more accepting and less afraid of change. If it were not for change and accepting the unfamiliar, like different races, religions and preferences, America would not be the melting pot it is today. In America, the Constitution declares that all people should be treated equal. Same sex couples live in 99.3 % of all the counties nationwide. When we prohibit homosexuals from marrying, society is treating them as if they are unequal to heterosexuals. Sexual orientation should not be a reason to compromise the principals on which the Constitution is founded. Societys opinions on what is morally right or wrong should not sway the outcome of what is ethically right. The Constitution does not directly talk about same sex marriage; however, many of the rules in it are directly related to why same sex marriage should be legal. Among them are: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; all men are created equal; lastly, all men should have a chance for justice un der the law. All of these things are taken away from people just because of their sexual preference, and because their lifestyle is not the â€Å"average†American lifestyle. It is important to not allow what one feels to be right and wrong affect anothers right to happiness. Remember that marriage is not a creation of law, law relating to marriage merely recognizes and regulates an institution that already exists (Whats Wrong). When the government denies homosexuals the right to marry, it treats them like second class citizens. Just as society treated interracial couples not to long ago. Why should people be punished because they do not have the same sexual orientation and preference as the rest of society? Why should people be denied benefits because they will not give in to gimmicks such as â€Å"same sex unions†and â€Å"domestic partnerships?†Society needs to change. How many couples will have to suffer before America realizes that the government is not protecting soci ety by banning same sex marriage, but rather hurting it? Not every boy wants to date a girl, and not every girl wants to marry a boy. Just because their feelings are different does not mean they are not sincere. Homosexuals have the same thoughts and the same feelings that heterosexuals have, it is just that those feelings are for the same sex. The government cannot make homosexuality go away, and as long as there is homosexuality there will be a desire for same sex marriage. As men and women, it is natural to want to find that significant other, and once youve found them you want to engage in that sacred union of marriage with that person and reap all the benefits that it entails. Love is not bias to race, creed or sexual orientation. Legal or not, there will and always should be same sex marriages. Works Cited Bidstrup, Scott. Gay Marriage: The Arguments and the Motives. bidstrup. 2004. 7 Apr. 2007 . Ford, Thomas Michael. Out Spoken: Role Models from the Lesbian and Gay Community New York: Beech Tree, 1998. Gator Gay Straight Alliance. 12 Reasons. Gator Gay Straight Alliance . 18 Feb. 2004. The University of Floridas Gay Straight Alliance. 8 Apr. 2007 . Henry, Charles. Telephone interview. 6 Apr. 2007. Perkel, Marc. Same Sex Marriage. The Peoples Legal Front. 16 Apr. 2007 http://www.perkel.com/politics/issues/samesex.htm Roleff, Tamara L., Ed. Gay Rights. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven press, Inc., 1997. â€Å"Same Sex Marriage ban awaits vote in Senate†Indy Star.com Apr. 8. 2007. The online Edition of the Indianapolis Star. 16 Feb. 2005 The Family Research Council; Defending Family, Faith and Freedom. 8 Apr. 2007 â€Å"Whats Wrong with letting Same Sex Couples â€Å"Marry?†FRC.org 8 Apr. 2007.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Regulating Dietary Supplements Essay -- Health, Nutrition
According to the 2002 Harris poll, seven out of ten adults in the United States take vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other supplements (Schardt 2). Due to media advertising, dietary supplements are becoming more popular. Companies compete to have the best supplements. It is said that forty percent of American adults take vitamin supplements and over the counter products, which total in several billion dollars (Farley 2). Although many of the supplements claim to be healthy and help lose weight, the dangers are endless. Dietary supplements can be illegally spiked and are not safe. Therefore, putting regulations on dietary supplements and their safety hazards is necessary. To begin, the Federal Food and Drug Administration does not have the power to regulate supplements like it does with drugs. Once a product is out on the market, the FDA has to prove that it is dangerous or has illegal additives before it can be removed. The FDA has targeted around seventy tainted weight loss products after learning that they had been mixed with undeclared stimulants, diuretics, and antidepressants (Trebilcock 2). The Federal Food, and Drug, Administration is responsible for ensuring that the manufacturers of foods provide safe ingredients and the correct amount of dosages for their products. In addition, the agency is also in charge of providing accurate labels without any misleading information (Farley 1). The DSHEA lets â€Å"natural†products be sold without any proof that the product is safe. "In 1994 Congress passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which allowed supplements- broadly defined as vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, and other products that don’t contain approved pharmaceutical drugs and don’t claim to treat d... ...low. It is important to take precautions in all aspects. With all the unregulated dietary supplements being sold and recommended, our health insurance costs will continue to rise. If the product causes severe side effects, it should no longer be permitted to be sold in stores. The only way to touch the minds of many people is to inform them of the dangers of consuming dietary supplements. Disposing of all incorrect information in product labeling and ingredient lists is important. People need to recognize the faults that plague many advertisements. In addition businesses should promote safe products instead of the harmful ones that they advocate for. The United States Congress should consider regulating dietary supplements to maintain safety. If people are aware of the many lies companies present, then dietary supplements will be one less problem to worry about.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Car Safety Features Essay
As cars and other motor vehicles get faster, they become more and more dangerous to use. While this is the case, there are many different methods that manufacturers have used to help prevent harm to their consumers. These methods include: air bags, seatbelts, antilock breaking systems and many more. These three features are by far the most commonly known safety features for cars, and pretty much any new car that is manufactured will have all three of these safety features, not only because of the interest in keeping drivers safe but also the recently huge appeal to safety features and ratings for cars. Seat Belts Seat belts are by far the most common safety feature among cars. Everyone knows what they are, been taught to always buckle up, they reduce the risk of death by around 50%, and is illegal to not be wearing one while travelling in a car. But exactly do seatbelts do? Seat belts protect drivers and passengers by strapping them into their seat. This prevents violent jerks caused by either collisions or sudden stops. The basic idea of seatbelts is that they stop you from flying out of the windshield of your car. Why would this happen? It happens because of something called inertia. Inertia matter’s tendency to keep moving if it’s moving or keep staying still if it’s staying still, until it becomes under the influence of a force. Kind of like if you wake up in the morning felling tired, you want to go back to sleep until you force yourself to wake up. This is how inertia works. If you were traveling in a car at 60 kilometres per hour, inertia would mean that the car, and everything inside it, would want to keep moving at 60 kilometres per hour. If the car decelerates very quickly, perhaps due to a crash, everything inside the car will still be moving at 60 kilometres per hour, but the car will be slowing down very quickly. If you were not wearing a seatbelt, you would travel forwards at 60 kilometres per hour and crash through your windshield. Since windshields are made of thick glass, crashing into it would very easily kill you at a speed like this. If you were wearing a seatbelt in a situation like this, the seatbelt acts as a force to stop you from moving forwards, greatly reducing the impact of the inertia. The most commonly known kind of seatbelt is known as the three-point seatbelt, which can be seen on the right. The three-point seatbelt is almost always used in cars and buses. The three-point seatbelt works by having a strip of fabric not only across your hip, but also across your whole torso. The seatbelt has three points, two of them being built into the car, and the third point being where the seatbelt locks in, hence the name three-point seatbelt. Air Bags Another very common form of passenger protection is the air bag. Air bags are basically just what they’re called. They are bags and get filled with air during a crash, preventing the driver/passenger from hitting their head onto the dashboard. Much like seat belts, they strive to decrease the impact of inertia to prevent injury, by stopping the passenger’s head from moving forward. Air bags have three components that work in unison to function correctly: the crash sensor, the inflator, and the air bag itself. The crash sensor is a device that detects the force that is equal to or greater than driving into a brick wall at 16 to 24 kilometres per hour. If this force is met, the crash sensor sends a command to the inflator. The inflator then creates a reaction between sodium azide (NaN3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) to create nitrogen gas (NO3). The inflator forces this gas into the airbag, cause the bag to inflate. The bag is made of a thin nylon fabric, which is folded into a compartment in both the steering wheel and the the dashboard, and most of the time the seat or door. Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) Many accidents are cause by brakes being applies too much, locking up the wheels and cause the car to skid. ABS tries to prevent the wheel from locking up and making the car lose control. There are 4 components to ABS systems: speed sensors, the pump, valves and the controller. The speed sensors provide information to the controller of what speed the car is travelling at, they are usually located at the wheels. There is a valve in each of the brakes controlled by the ABS. There are three different positions that the valves can be in: the valve being open, blocking the break line and releasing pressure form the brakes. Since valves release the pressure from the brakes, there needs to be something that puts the pressure back in. That’s there the pump come in. When a valve reduces the pressure in the brakes, the pumps are there to put the pressure back in the brake system. And finally, there is the controller. The controller is a computer placed somewhere in the car. The controller just controls how the speed sensors, the pumps and the valve operate. ABS works by detecting hen brakes are applied to hard, and begins to turn the brakes on and off by taking away and re-applying the pressure on them. This stops the wheels on the cars from locking up, and most of the time stops the car from skidding.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Djibouti essays
Djibouti essays Djibouti is a small country in the northeastern part of Africa. The country got its name for its one and only big city, Djibouti. According to Encarta Djibouti was and area where, many years ago (100,000), people begin to migrate over to the Middle East. Anyway, Encarta goes on about some kingdoms and how Islam was introduced to the country and eventually it gets to something relevant to this class... It says that in the second half of the 16th century Europeans begin trading coffee and perfumes with the sultanates of Djibouti. France wanted to challenge Britain with trading so they made a bunch of treaties with some rulers of Djibouti and basically got control of the country. This seems pretty simple, but this is the way Encarta says it happened. Anyway France chose Djibouti, as in the city, because it would be a good place to have a railroad, it would link with Addis Ababa. By 1917 France had made the railroad. Large amounts of people began to migrate to In 1946 France made Djibouti its own and called it French Somaliland. Djiboutians voted to remain under French administration, ten years later, however, Djiboutians voted for independence. The Republic of Djibouti achieved full independence on June 27, 1977. Djibouti has an area of 23,200 sq km (8,960 sq mi). It extends 190 km (120 mi) from north to south and 225 km (140 mi) from east to west. The country's highest point, Moussa Ali (2,063 m/6,768 ft), is on the northern border, just where Ethiopian and Eritrean boundaries meet. Lake 'Asal is the lowest point in Africa at 153 m (502 ft) below sea level. According to Encarta Djibouti has potential for generating geothermal energy and producing various minerals like gypsum. Most of the country is ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Definition of Relief in Geography
Definition of Relief in Geography In geography, a locations relief is the difference between its highest and lowest elevations. For example, with both mountains and valleys in the area, the local relief of Yosemite National Park is impressive. A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. Physical relief maps actually have raised areas that represent different elevations. (You may have seen them in school.) However, if youre going for a hike, theyre not very practical to carry in your pocket. Flat Maps Flat maps represent relief in a variety of ways. On older flat maps, you may see areas with lines of various thickness to represent variations in the steepness of locations. With this technique, known as hachuring, the thicker the lines, the steeper the area. As mapmaking evolved, hachuring was replaced by shaded areas that represented variations in the steepness of the land. These types of maps may also show altitude notations at various locations on the map to give viewers some context. Differences in elevation on flat maps can also also be represented using different colors- usually lighter to darker for ascending elevations, with the darkest areas being the farthest above sea level. The drawback with this method is that contours in the land dont show up. Reading Topographic Maps Topographic maps, which also are types of flat maps, use contour lines to represent elevation. These lines connect points that are at the same level, so you know that when you travel from one line to another, you are either going up or down in elevation. The lines also have numbers on them, specifying which elevation is represented by the points connected by that line. The lines maintain a consistent interval between them- such as 100 feet or 50 meters- which will be noted in the maps legend. As the lines get closer together, the land becomes steeper. If the numbers become lower as you move toward the center of an area, they represent the site of a depression and have hash marks on them to distinguish them from hills. Common Uses for Topographic Maps Youll find topographic maps in sporting goods stores or online sites that cater to outdoor enthusiasts. Since topographic maps also display water depths, locations of rapids, waterfalls, dams, boat ramp access points, intermittent streams, wooded marshes and swamps, sand vs. gravel beaches, sandbars, seawalls, breakwaters, dangerous rocks, levees, and mangroves, they are extremely useful to campers, hikers, hunters, and anyone going fishing, rafting, or boating. Topographic maps also show aboveground and buried pipelines, as well as utility and telephone poles, caves, covered reservoirs, cemeteries, mine shafts, open-pit mines, campgrounds, ranger stations, winter recreation areas, and dirt roads that likely wont appear on your basic roadmap. While topography refers to land, a chart that shows the varying depths of water is called a bathymetric chart or map. In addition to showing depths with lines as on a topographic map, these types of charts may also show differences in depths via color-coding. Surfers might review bathymetric charts of beaches in order to locate places where waves are likely to break bigger than in other areas (a steep ascent in proximity to a beach means larger waves).
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Education Essays - Educational Research, More Than Twenty Years
Education Essays - Educational Research, More Than Twenty Years Education I am one of these people they generally refer to as a "mature student". It is too bad that this term doesn't mean what suggests, that I study in a more mature way than people who have not been out of school as long as I have. It simply means that I have not been in a formal classroom for quite a while in my case for more than twenty years. There are advantages and disadvantages to having this gap in one's education. One advantage is that it does give me some perspective to see that education has undergone some changes since those long ago years when I was in school. Two of these changes in curriculum and a change in teachers. The attitude to class meterial is a lot more flexible now than when I was in school. I remember thtat in high school history cource which I took there was only one textbook and that was to be memorized. Anything outside the book was "off topic", and we had to get back to learning "the facts" because that was what the exam was going to be about. In the history class which I am taking now we don't even have aaa book. The teacher brings in material from many souces magazines, newspaper, journals and government publications. The final exam is no longer the most important thing. It is the papers we write and our participation in class which is impoertant. Curriculum has certainly changed a great deal over twenty years. Another change which I have noted is the change in teachers. Teachers today seem much more approachable than twenty years ago. Today's teachers dress in a more casual and relaxed way. They don'tt drop dead in their tracks if you call them by their first name. Most important, they seem to have actually admitted that they didn't know the answer to a question which a student asked. They often say, however, that they know where thay cand find the answer. This willingness to be a learner alonng with the students is new to me. Teachers today are frequently partners in the learning process. The teacher of twenty years ago was more interested in maintaining his authority. Maybe I ame overgeneralizing about the changes which have occurred in the Canadian education system; nevertheless, I am convinced that both the content of courses and the teachers themselves have changed immensely. The system still isn't perfect, but as an adult student I am convinced that it is basically better.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
The Effects of the Quality of Employees' Interaction with thier Research Paper
The Effects of the Quality of Employees' Interaction with thier Mangers on Quality of thier Work - Research Paper Example In this case, level of interaction is the independent variable and accuracy at work is dependent variable. Theory X and Theory Y: These two theories deal with the perception of managers about the employees. It was developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s. According to it, a better communication between employees and managers helps managers to identify the individual motivational level of employees and decides the level of supervision. So that work can be done effectively with the help of mutual cooperation. The second hypothesis links the employee-manager interaction and the efficiency of work with the help of thoroughness of the work. It considers communication as an independent variable and thoroughness of the work as a dependent variable. Leader Member Exchange Theory: This theory highlights the association or closeness of employees to managers. Graen (1976) first introduced the concept of ‘Role-making processes in complex organizations’ (Beissinger, 1988). But Bass (1990) empirically proved the arguments of LMX . It clearly states that those who have better communication with managers take more responsibility. In this case also, the arguments of second and third hypotheses: that is thoroughness and attention to details, are addressed. Here again, thoroughness is the dependent variable. The Scientific Management Theory: Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth introduced the theory to improve the efficiency of individual workers.  But scientific management as a distinct theory or school of thought was obsolete by the 1930s. According to this theory, each work task is narrowed to its most elementary function after scientific analysis. This process is done on the basis of idea of specialization. The scientific management theory helps to justify all the three hypotheses.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 2
Innovation and Change - Essay Example Today, innovative activity is a vital undertaking in determining the competitiveness of a country in the global markets as well as its economic progress. Despite the great importance that innovation bears in addition to the opportunities brought about by globalisation and new and advanced technologies; many governments around the globe are faced with difficulties in strengthening their activities in this area (Cole, 2010). This paper sets out to discuss the policy issues and challenges that face innovation and look at the ways to address these challenges. In the process of addressing these challenges; it is evident that influencers of policies regulating innovation activities are mostly governments. In addition, the major steps to be taken towards addressing most of the challenges are often within the power of the government. Today, the rise in the standards of living of people around the globe can be attributed to innovation. Today’s more productive economy can be pointed to the application of technological advances in combination with innovative and entrepreneurial approaches in the creation and distribution of commodities; both goods and services (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2009). In areas where the regulatory and market structures are favourable to the expansion of the more productive activities; the result is more economic growth and development hence; the effort of innovation in conjunction with formal research and development (R&D) remain the main themes of growth. Research opines that innovation is on the rise towards forming a major part of the economic activity (Warda et al., 2006). In the past two decades, growth in investment in machinery and equipment has been more rapid than in knowledge in most countries. In countries such as the United States and Finland, investment in knowledge is much greater than that in machinery and equipment. Furthermore, activities of R&D have intensified in most countries in the past decade but major developed n ations still remain unchanged in this area. The rate of growth of productivity is heavily influenced by improvements made in the skill composition of the workforce. More recently, the significance of innovation has been bolstered by the rapid technological advances and globalisation that have led to the establishment of new markets and new forms of competition that deliver consumers with innovative products and services. Even though these developments hasten the need for many countries to elevate the value chain; de Serres et al. (2006) opine that strengthening innovation performance is a major problem in these nations. An example is the slow progress witnessed with the Lisbon strategy of the European Union. However, a renewal of the strategy resulted in some success in helping the EU’s R&D and innovation performance – which is a key element of the Lisbon strategy; to increase the intensity of R&D in every economy. Innovation, however, is difficult to measure using R&D since for it to succeed it requires that a number of policies be implemented across extensive domains ranging from funding of the R&D, entrepreneurship, immigration, education as well as financial, product and labour market regulations. Analysis from the past decade reveals that the rapid increases in the intensity of R&D in many countries around the globe are due to a number of factors. These factors include (de Serres et al., 2006): i. Reduced anti-competitive regulations of the product market that
Integration of Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioural Essay
Integration of Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for the treatment of Depression - Essay Example During her late twenties, Kate was easily fatigued even when she was resting. She experienced fatigue even when she had slept for more hours than she was used to there before. At twenty-nine, she could barely do anything as she had decreased body energy. This made her skip even the basic chores at her home and threatening her career. Her parent having noticed the problem she was undergoing decided to take to the hospital where she was hospitalized for a severe case of depression. She was treated extensively with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for over few years (NYU Langone, n.d.). At the age of 35, Kate expressed persistent attitude signs and a serious cognitive dysfunction. For the next three years, Kate underwent several medication from MRI testing, EEG, sleep studies and several neuropsychological testing. All of the medication that Kate underwent were not successful until she was thirty-eight years old. She diagnosed with a neurological disease known as Lyme disease at 38 years. However, after diagnose she was treated by antibiotics and other over-the-counter drugs supplements. This did not help her even after being treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation and hyperbaric oxygen. Having undergone through medication for over ten years without signs and indication of improvement, she quit medication and all another psychotherapy. She resulted to neuropsychiatric remedies and sought help from Scott Hirsch, a professor of psychiatry and neurology at Langone Medical Center (NYU Langone, n.d.). The patient was so anxious and hopeless because her problem had persisted to her old age and affected all her dreams in life. Though she demonstrated a high level of intelligence, she had slowed response to actions. Doctors conducted segmental neurological diagnoses, but there were no signs of dyskinesia, myoclonus and tics (NYU Langone, n.d.). The patient though exhibiting cognitive symptoms no neuropsychological clinical analysis indicated that
Portfolio Artifacts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Portfolio Artifacts - Assignment Example The presentation was careful to use a large font size of size 30 so as to ensure that the presentation will clearly be visible to an audience of that size. A key untapped potential of the program project is its expansion into offering counseling services to victims of child abuse and neglect. These services can be offered to persons who were abused or neglected when they were children and still suffer from the effects of their experiences, and also to child victims who have undergone the trauma of maltreatment and abuse. The program can also look into ways of offering joint counseling services to both the parents or guardians convicted of abusing their children, and the children who were being subjected to the neglect and maltreatment. If implemented, this will serve to assist family units to reunite, avoid breakups and mend faster. This is because the children will get a chance of rebuilding their broken confidence in their guardians or parents in a controlled environment (Mannarino & Deblinger,
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Nursing Shortage in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Nursing Shortage in the United States - Essay Example This paper will describe the impacts of the nursing shortage on health care consumers, nurses, and public health. It will examine the debate surrounding the nursing shortage and explain how the issue is being addressed on local, state, and national levels. Finally, the paper will propose some ideas for minimizing the nursing shortage problem. The shortage of nurses in America's hospitals results in negative impacts for health care consumers, nurses, and the health care system. A survey conducted by Beurhaus et al. (2005) examined the experience of RNs, physicians, hospital CEOs and CNOs with the nursing shortage and analyzed the results in terms of nurses' ability to meet the six Institute of Medicine (IOM)-established aims for high quality health care systems: patient-centered, effective, safe, timely, efficient, and equitable. The survey found that each of these criteria for quality of care suffered due to the nursing shortage (ibid.). In terms of direct patient care, the nursing shortage results in a decline in the quality of patient care. The Beurhaus et al. survey (2005), found that patient care suffered specifically because of a delayed response by nurses to pages or calls, patients increasingly complaining about care, staff communication problems, and increasing physicians' workloads. The results of the decline in patient care are worrisome. An American Nurses Association (ANA) fact sheet about the national nursing shortage (2008) highlights the results of recent studies published in medical journals that show how the shortage puts patient's lives in danger: "If hospitals increased RN staffing, more than 6,700 patient deaths and four million inpatient days could be avoided each year." "Every additional full-time nurse per patient day was associated with a 9% reduction in mortality in intensive care patients and a 16% reduction in mortality in surgical patients. In addition, every additional patient per RN shift was associated with a 53% increase in pulmonary failure, a 43% increased risk on unplanned extubation, a 7% increased risk of hospital acquired pneumonia, and a 17% increased risk in other medical complications." "Nursing shortages were found to correlate with longer lengths of stay, increased incidence of urinary tract infections and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, higher rates of pneumonia, shock and cardiac arrest. Increased hours of RN care resulted in fewer "failure-to-rescue" deaths from pneumonia, shock or cardiac arrest, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis and deep venous thrombosis." The impact of the nursing shortage also adversely affects nurses. In relation to their interaction with patients, nurses suffer because they have less time for collaboration within staff teams, face greater difficulty maintaining patient safety, are less able to detect complications early on, and have less time for patients (Beurhaus et al., 2005). In order to compensate for a lack of staff,
Invention of television Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Invention of television - Annotated Bibliography Example The birth of television is considered as the turning point in the technological inventions. Nowadays, governments of each country are also engaged in the emergence of television. Televisions are also considered as the most reliable source of information because every channel is obliged to follow the rules and regulations and not to spread any rumour or unauthentic information. Viewers possess the right to sue the channel if it violates the norms of the society or spread any unauthentic information. The innovations and ideas coming up from technological advancement lead to the invention of television. Even though, it was not a latent demand of common public, in fact people didn’t even know about television many years after its invention. But as soon as people got acquainted, their demands increased and new varieties, version and models started to come up in the market. The invention of radio is a primary reason which led to the invention of television. Radio is a device which has audio features only. So due to technological advancement, people thought to invent something which has visual aspects as well. This idea led to the invention of television, an appliance having both audio and video features. Despite of having greater benefits, television is always considered as harmful for society. In society, the age group that substantially gets impacted by television is of children. Children waste their precious time in watching television. It is also considered as harmful for their health and eyes specially. Leaving children alone to watch television and providing the remote control facility is another harmful aspect which can hamper children’s habits. According to a research, children who watch more than 4 hours television a day are more likely to get overweight. Television network has held the entire world in a single strand. Due to the fastest broadcasting and
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Portfolio Artifacts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Portfolio Artifacts - Assignment Example The presentation was careful to use a large font size of size 30 so as to ensure that the presentation will clearly be visible to an audience of that size. A key untapped potential of the program project is its expansion into offering counseling services to victims of child abuse and neglect. These services can be offered to persons who were abused or neglected when they were children and still suffer from the effects of their experiences, and also to child victims who have undergone the trauma of maltreatment and abuse. The program can also look into ways of offering joint counseling services to both the parents or guardians convicted of abusing their children, and the children who were being subjected to the neglect and maltreatment. If implemented, this will serve to assist family units to reunite, avoid breakups and mend faster. This is because the children will get a chance of rebuilding their broken confidence in their guardians or parents in a controlled environment (Mannarino & Deblinger,
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Invention of television Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Invention of television - Annotated Bibliography Example The birth of television is considered as the turning point in the technological inventions. Nowadays, governments of each country are also engaged in the emergence of television. Televisions are also considered as the most reliable source of information because every channel is obliged to follow the rules and regulations and not to spread any rumour or unauthentic information. Viewers possess the right to sue the channel if it violates the norms of the society or spread any unauthentic information. The innovations and ideas coming up from technological advancement lead to the invention of television. Even though, it was not a latent demand of common public, in fact people didn’t even know about television many years after its invention. But as soon as people got acquainted, their demands increased and new varieties, version and models started to come up in the market. The invention of radio is a primary reason which led to the invention of television. Radio is a device which has audio features only. So due to technological advancement, people thought to invent something which has visual aspects as well. This idea led to the invention of television, an appliance having both audio and video features. Despite of having greater benefits, television is always considered as harmful for society. In society, the age group that substantially gets impacted by television is of children. Children waste their precious time in watching television. It is also considered as harmful for their health and eyes specially. Leaving children alone to watch television and providing the remote control facility is another harmful aspect which can hamper children’s habits. According to a research, children who watch more than 4 hours television a day are more likely to get overweight. Television network has held the entire world in a single strand. Due to the fastest broadcasting and
The concept of angel in the house had been overturned Essay Example for Free
The concept of angel in the house had been overturned Essay Do you agree with the view that, by 1882 the concept of angel in the house had been overturned? In source F a book by Caroline Norton published in 1854, she claims that her husband George Norton was holding her children as hostages as he thought that if he had a great power over the children that he still had power over her. Nevertheless, he did not realise that she would fight and campaign to have the right to keep her children under her custody. By this time she was no longer a angel in the house as she went against her husband, she also wanted a divorce but she could no divorce him for adultery as she had taken him back so that she could see her children. In 1857 the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act was passed which made divorce a lot easier as it meant that divorce could happen through a court of law rather than by a Private Act of Parliament. This made divorce cheaper and a lot faster than it was before. There were also clauses in the Act, which gave women more rights to things such as her income if she was deserted by her husband and a woman was able to inherit or bequeath property the same as a single woman could. This was passed partly due to Caroline Nortons efforts and her experiences influenced the clauses, which were inserted in to the Act. This Act meant that more and more women were failing to fit into the angel in the house concept of creating a safe haven for her husband away from the harsh reality of the outside world. Even thought laws such as the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act were but in to place men still thought that they had power over their wives. In 1891 there was the Jackson Case, Mr Jackson had been away in New Zealand and returned to find that his wife did not want to speak to him so he locked her up until her friends campaigned for her release. After a long legal battle, it was decided that Mr Jackson had no right to lock up his wife and force her to live with him. These laws were changing womens attitudes toward how they thought they should be treated by men, they no longer were happy to stay at home and look after their house and family under the angel in the house concept. However, men did not like this change and still wanted this power over their wives. Other laws also came in to place like the Married womens Property Acts of 1870 and 1882. These again were fought for by women such as Barbara Leigh Smith and gave women more right to their own property rather than the husband getting all of their property. In 1854 Barbara Leigh Smith started to campaign for a change in the laws on womens property. She wrote articles, started petitions and set up all-woman committees. One petition that was handed in to parliament had 26,000 signatures. The first act allowed women to keep up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 in earnings and personal property, the second act gave women control over all money and property they brought with them in to marriage it also allowed them to continue with any trade or business they were working on before they were married, using their own money and property. This meant that women could work so could no longer follow the angel in the house concept because they no longer had to stay at home. The LNA was set up in 1869 lead by Josephine Butler to fight against the Contagious Diseases Act. This was significant because it meant that many middle- and upper-class women were campaigning to help prostitutes by wanting the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Act. This had never happened before as middle- and upper-class women thought that they were above prostitutes and that prostitutes were dirty and brought it on themselves before this campaign began. They thought that is was not right because they thought it was wrong to forcibly detain and check women for these diseases against their will. When the men that were using the prostitutes did not have to be detained and checked even thought if the men did not use them then there would not be the problem of prostitution as there would be no demand. This went against the angel in the house concept as it meant that women were out campaigning rather than staying at home doing what was thought to be acceptable for middle- and upper-class women to be doing at the time such as corresponding. Source G is a cartoon published on the front cover of the illustrated Police News in April 1891. It asks Is Marriage a Failure? and it gives the answer of As a Rule Yes. It shows illustrations depicting marriages of money, for divorce, of beatings and of obeying. This suggests that people only married for certain reasons. It also shows an illustration of a divorce court and two people walking their different ways with the other man and the other woman in the shadows suggesting that two people cannot commit to each other solely. This shows that people were no longer concerned with the angel in the house concept as women were committing adultery and getting divorces. This source however depicts this situation as been the norm even thought there were people in happy marriages that would not want a divorce. However, there was still a social stigma attached to getting a divorce. In middle- and upper-class societies, it was still not the done thing to be a divorce single woman or to commit adultery as they were meant to pure and save themselves for their husbands. So many women did not get divorces and stayed with their husbands. Also if a man did not want a divorce and it was the woman that was trying to divorce her husband she had to prove that he had committed adultery and either bigamy, rape, sodomy, bestiality, cruelty or long-term desertion as well. Where as a husband only had to prove that his wife was committing adultery. This made it harder for a wife to get a divorce if her husband did not want to divorce her so many just suffered at home and carried on living with the angel in the house concept. The Womens Property rights were withdrawn at the last minute to allow the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act to be passed and become law. This was because people were too afraid to present parliament with two bills trying to change the status of women would frighten the men MPs of the time. In addition, they thought that it would mean that they would vote against both of the bill thinking that too much was been done at one time too quickly. Additionally the Reform Act of 1867 did not include womens franchise. So women had to stay with their husbands else they would have no right to their property as it legally all belonged to their husbands once they had married. I would agree on the whole that by 1882 the concept of the angel in the house had been mostly overturned. Womens attitudes were changing and they wanted more and more rights. Middle- and upper-class women such as Caroline Norton and Josephine Butler were beginning campaign to get rights for themselves and others. Laws were been passed and cases won in court in favour of women. People were also starting to realise that more and more marriages were failing and people getting divorces. However, by 1882 the angel in the house concept had not been completely overturned, as there were still people that did still believe in the angel in the house concept and not all marriages were failing and getting divorced. One reason for this was that there was a social stigma attached to getting a divorce that stopped some people, additionally divorce was still an expensive and a long process.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Client Server Network Architecture Essay
Client Server Network Architecture Essay Abstract This report is about the client server network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client which is low end computer which request services and or a server which is high end powerful computer which is highly capable of providing services to many different clients at the same time. The task which servers performs are like managing disk drives which are called file servers, managing printers which are called print servers or managing network data traffic known as network server. Clients are PCs which require or use these facilities from servers which include sharing files, printers, storage and sometimes processing. All the clients and servers in a network communicate by using different protocols which are set of rules or standards which govern the communication between any computers or devices connected in a network. This client server architecture is also known as two-tier architecture.(1) Introduction The advent of personal computers gave birth to the idea of client/server architecture. Before personal computers, programs were written for mainframes. Software written for mainframes was often coded in a monolithic format that is the user interface, business logic and data access functionality are all contained in a single application. Because the entire application ran within the mainframe this was not a problem.(2) Client/server model, needed to share many kind of services. As time passed the need of these services increased so servers also evolved. Many clients started sharing services of common server. Example can be of our web browser which is a client and requests services from web server like web pages or files. This is sometime also knows as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol server (HTTP) also for computer to make requests like a client Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and for transfer of files over internet File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Protocols are set of rules or standard that which governs the communication of two or more nodes in a network.(3) The relationship between two computer programs in which one program makes a request and other which provide the required service is called a client/server relationship. It is a backbone of interconnection of two or more programs or computers anywhere across the network. Example could be an ATM machine in which we send request for balance check or money withdrawal and through this machine which is like a client and bank has supercomputers which acts as servers and the transaction are handled by them and result is sent back to the client to display in front of user.(4) Client Server Architecture has two common architectural models. The two tier and the three tier architecture. In two tier architecture the application will be on the server instead of client because server has more disk space and power as compare to PC also the data will also be in server along with the application. In three-tier architecture the load is divided between two different servers instead of putting load on one and jamming other clients. These servers are database server and application server. The data and application are divided between these servers. Client would only request and display data. In this tier more manageable and less contention system for resources will be available because each server will be used either to process data or application requests.(6) Literature Review In modern world because of rapid changes in user requirements and increasing amount on daily basis of users sharing data among them the needs of faster and better network system growing tremendously companies are bound to upgrade their system every six months. Now Hures is also facing same problems. This is very common problem in any company because of the rapid development of business systems so to cater these problems any company should keep this in mind while developing new system is that they may need to upgrade very soon. Hures analyst did not plan the future scenarios properly and because that even internal and external environment is affecting the company. The business is affected by many changes like political, social and technological. Client/Server technology is often introduced for flexibility of coping with these changes. However it comes with its own challenges which we will discuss here. Client/Server is built on three basic building block they are client which is a small or less capable hardware or software then middleware which is a software which lies in between and server more powerful then client. The first block client runs different applications on its operating system which provides graphic user interface. Clients could have web browser for example as an application requesting services now operating system transfers these request to the middleware. Client also runs a DSM (Distributed System Management) it could be simple element to the entire front-end managing application. Middleware is application which has three categories: transport stack, network operating system (NOS) and server-specific middleware. It runs on both the client and the server. It also have DSM like clients and is the backbone of client/server architecture. Server is typically intelligent software or hardware it runs some application to make an interface with middleware. Server consists of five main components SQL database, TP Monitors, groupware , object and the web. Server also has DSM in it which can be a simple agent or entire back-end of the system. The Distributed System Management application runs on every node in the Client/Server network. The additional server like email could be used depending on size and usage of the network. Hures could also use similar OS in all workstations it also plays very important part in Client/Server. Same OS on all sides in network can reduce a lot of problems and it will increase server efficiency and will cause less strain on servers. The Alternative architecture which could overcome Hures problem can be client queue client or another one called peer to peer architecture. Client queue client Architecture is also called passive queue Architecture. In Client queue client all points including servers are simple clients. It was developed to continue on traditional Client Server Architecture. In this they were trying to make one client as a server for different clients to multiply the usage for clients. Hures could benefit from this track and order number of clients for better efficiency also there will be better resources distribution and sharing. Example is search engine which uses spidering for faster and better results. Peer-to-Peer Architecture rather than focusing on power of server it distinguishes itself by distributing power and function. It depends totally on bandwidth and power of different nodes in the network. This architecture goes against previous client server architecture where there is one central server it replaces it with nodes which function as clients and servers simultaneously. Hures could use this architecture because due to its encapsulation it makes it easier to repair or upgrade without clients being affected and its more secure and easy to maintain. Intranet is one of the oldest and safest way for any company to have communication among themselves. It works just like website on internet. It gives you options to log ons to access only authorize data at your level in company. Most of the corporations use intranet for sharing important data among the employees. Intranet is a kind of network which is built by using same tools and protocols used by internet or World Wide Web (WWW) but is only restricted to the network of this company only. It uses same HTML, Java and CSS and also provide same database to store data within network server. Security features are fully customizable so its your preference whether you want to change password every 30 day or to set different accessibility for employee depending their post and work in the company. Any outside person trying to access company files will be blocked by firewalls. The Advantages of this internal network is that inside employees can do very important information interchange very quick and secure. It makes the data sharing more effective, easier and effective manner. It can also be used for internal applications such as newsletters, policy manuals, and price list etc. It can also gather information related to expense and programs that can help to transact application. As it is a private place on internet its safer and secured because only authority can access the website. The Disadvantages of this intranet to be considered would be like firstly it is very expensive to setup and maintain because a special team of people need to be hired and trained for handling the process of managing resources of this particular company and organizing them in the website. This process will also be very time consuming to develop and also the number of individual users would have to be considered in the overall budget for planning, designing, implementing. Also to maintain the quality, testing and maintenance needs to be done at all time. Obviously once whole site is developed now each user in company needs to be trained also how to use and set up your passwords which will also affect overall budget. It is very true that the popularity of intranet software and the internet pose threats towards traditional client/server system because intranet software have more advantages as compared to peer to peer or client/server architectures. It takes the most advantage of networking technology in the business world and because it enables us to take full use of wireless and internet technology at the same time it is the most flexible most secure and gives more privacy as compared to offered by traditional client/server system. As a result it is the most popular choice among many companies. However it is also very important to keep in consideration that even though intranet is the most popular and successfully used and accepted worldwide, there are still parts in the system or particular company which needs to use traditional client server system. As far as security is considered there are always threats to any open network system. To reduce the risk of infiltration from outside sources prope r monitoring of network on continues level is severely needed. The most important aspect of any company/corporation should be the network security. Cctv could be installed in various places to remotely monitor all the activities of users within the office and no one should be allowed to use their plug n play devices to any individual workstation. Maintaining the network integrity should be of the highest priority and could reduce the unplanned damages to revenue but again the cost of doing all these procedures will be substantial.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire :: Williams Street Car Streetcar Essays
Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar Named Desire" The play 'A Street Car Named Desire' by Tennessee Williams has many characters with different personalities. One character that seems to play an important part in this play is Stanley. The ruff and hardened blunt husband of Stella, this is shown to us in the first two scenes introduces this character to the audience, and shows his attitude towards the environment that he lives in. Through out the following I shall be discussing about how Tennessee Williams introduces Stanley to the audience and this helps us learn about him. At the beginning of the first scene the audience meets Stanley, Tennessee presents Stanly and a friend (Mitch) as 'They are about twenty-eight or thirty years old roughly dressed in blue denim work clothes'. This gives us an immediate impression of a classic American working class guy, that doesn't have an impressive education record. Tennessee shows another example that 'Stanley' is of a low status, when he addresses 'Stella' as 'Baby!'. This shows the audience that Stanley is not being rude, but it is just the way in which he has developed his vocabulary in a slang street manor. It also shows the audience that he shows little respect even with the use of this slang terminology. Another aspect that the audience will learn about Stanley is that he is adored by his wife 'Stella' this is shown when she asks Stanley if she can come and watch him play bowling. This would not be normal behavior of average women in the time since, the time when the play is set bowling was to be a manly sport. However one is left to wonder whether if Stanley simply draws women to him in this idealistic way. This extravagant entrance for the character Stanley , makes the audience feel that he has an important influence in the play. Stanley is portrayed as a womanizer, and he carries on with this practice even after he knows that his wife is pregnant. It's bad enough that he is carrying on with this when he has a wife. The audience is made to feel that Stella knows of his habits of purposely attracting women and flirting ass it has to have been the same way he got involved with Stella. This could be a suggestion of why Stella asked him if she could join him and watch at the bowling alley. Stanley is portrayed as the man you love to hate, he is thee man that men want to be and the ruff end qualities women drawn to. Even though he hasn't been brought in the rich heritage the Stella and her sister
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Robert Frost Essay -- essays research papers
Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco on March 26, 1874 and died in Boston on January 29, 1963. Frost was considered to be one of America’s leading 20th century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. He was an essentially pastoral poet who was often associated with rural New England. Frost wrote poems of a philosophical region. His poems were traditional but he often said as a dig at his archrival Carl Sandburg, that â€Å"he would soon play tennis without a net as write free verse.†Frost said this because he believed he was a pioneer of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of vocabulary and inflections of everyday life and speech. Frost’s poetry is considered to be traditional, experimental, regional, and universal (Robert 1997).      Frost was born of two teachers. At the age of ten, Frost suffered the loss of his father. After the death of his father, his mother moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts. He grew up in a teaching atmosphere, along with its problems. Early in Frost's school career, he was extremely careless and preferred fun and game to his studies. In high school, he decided to apply and involve himself in many areas. He graduated in three years from high school at the head of his class. After high school he attended Dartmouth and Harvard but ended up not finishing at either due to personal problems (Newdick).      He was destined to be a teacher. Frost after not making it in college, went to teach at his mother's school in Salem, New Hampshire. In 1912 he went to England to be with his family, and in his publication of North of Boston, in 1914, he was finally hailed as the great artist that he truly was. After he returned to America in 1915, he went to Harvard and read a poem for some exercises, and was instantly honored by institutions of higher learning by their conferring degrees on him (Biography).      Throughout Frost's 60 years of existence, he spent 30 of those years teaching a half a dozen subjects. He has taught in schools ranging from plain white country schoolhouses in his native land of New England to the proud American Universities. He has gained half a lifetime of considered experience and philosophical observations (Libraries). In the critical analysis that I read, the critics were hard on Frost’s work â€Å"Road not taken.†The first critic, William George, starts off by attacking other critics, saying they misin... ... with right or wrong situations, and the speaker has to choose which road, or decision, to take. I like to think that I can somewhat relate to the speaker. I have had to make many choices throughout my life and I will never know whether my choices were right or wrong until I made them. The speaker kind of concludes the poem by saying that he is relieved that he chose the right road to take. I look back and wonder if I had chosen a few different roads, how everything would have come out. I think that a lot of the roads I chose to take have been good, as far as I know. Work Cited â€Å"Biography†www.pro-net.co.uk/home/catalyst/RF/bio.html. 2000. Cervo, Nathan "Frost's The Road Not Taken" Proquest March 27. George, William "Frost's The Road Not Taken" Proquest March 27. "Libraries/media centers: Robert Frost Elementary school." American school and University; Overland Park; Aug 1999. Newdick, Robert S. "Robert Frost and the American college." The Journal of Higher Education; Columbus; Sep./Oct. 1999. â€Å"Robert Frost on the Web†http://www.amherstcommon.com/walking_tour/frost.html.1997. â€Å"Robert Frost (1874-1963)†http://www.lit.kobe-u.ac.jp/~hishika/frost.htm 2000.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Philosophies from Aquinas, Augustine, and Irenaeus and other theologians Essay
The study of religion and philosophy is infinitely confronted with the problem of evil and its broad association to sin. In facing this debacle, there is a tendency for religion to deny the existence of evil and clearly explicate that it is a mere event in the undeveloped minds of people. Religion may also uphold that there is a competent rivalry between evil and good as evil can be considered as a rival authority, containing power equal to the divine good. It can also be derived that evil is the imperfect cooperation in the good explained under the presence of a deity deemed as omnibenevolent and omniscient. Some response concerning the evil include that debates which inculcate that the true free will cannot be established without the possibility of evil. This idea can be translated to the notion that humans are not able to understand and comprehend God, that spiritual growth and development necessisitates suffering and that evil is the impact of effect of the fallen and disrupted world. Many disciplines have attempted to provide a concrete definition of evil and sin and the proposed assumptions on the connection of evil to sin have encountered denials coming from other scholars. In this paper, multiple philosophies and valuable insights concerning the association of evil to sin will be explored. The teachings of Thomas Aquinas, Irenaeus and Augustine and of others will be discussed in order to define evil and sin, describe the relationshipof evil to sin, and to explicate the difference and the causality of sin and evil in the contemporary world. This paper’s central focus is on the inquiry: Every evil is sin, but is every sin evil? The Teachings of Thomas Aquinas on Evil and Sin The concept of evil by Thomas Aquinas and his entire miscellany of philosophy are naturally grounded upon the teachings of the St. Augustine who created a philosophical theological position on evil. Evil is an English noun that is commonly used today to describe anything that is undeniably horrendous, particularly in the aspect of human behavior. However, Thomas Aquinas says that the term evil has more inclusive sense than evil does for people. According to Aquinas, â€Å"we are dealing with evil whenever we are faced by whatever can be thought of as a case of falling short. †For Aquinas, there is no evil substance in the world and neither God nor man creates evil. In saying this Aquinas proves that the world is â€Å"created and governed by a perfectly good God who is also omnipotent and omniscient. †This teaching negates the argument of humans who say that each time some of the good stray aways from an object then it is evil. Aquinas says no this argument by declaring that no evil exists materially. Aquinas explicates that human beings are wholly good but have the tendency that some of their goodness will be removed. Aquinas strongly argues that there is a â€Å"serious sense in which it can be thought of as lacking in being. †Take for instance the thought of Adolf Hitler as wholly good. This example may raise several criticisms since Hitler has enjoyed being a household name for evil, but it is to illustrate Aquinas’s concept of evil caused by the removal of good. For Aquinas, Hitler is good- he has competent brain, his physique is complete, and he almost bares resemblance to God. But Hitler has some of his goodness removed when he tries to rule the world with tyranny. According to Aquinas, â€Å"evil ‘is there’ only in the sense that something is missing. †Aquinas continues to say that â€Å"what is not there cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. †In this sense, Aquinas follows Augustine’s thought and says that God can never be the cause of evil because evil is not an actual thing but the â€Å"absence of a good that ought to be present. †What causes people to be bad is the gap between who they are and how they should be but are not. Aquinas points rules out his concept of evil by illustrating that there will be no badness unless there goodness yet there can be goodness without any badness. In the aspect of sin, Aquinas writes that it is not the disobedience of irrational authority, but it is a violation of well-being. According to Aquinas, heologians may describe sin as an act againts God and philosophers may signify it as opposed to reason, but it is St. Augustine who aptly defines sin. Aquinas explains that it is more accurate to define sin â€Å"as being contrary to the eternal law rather contrary to human reason, especially since the eternal law includes many things beyond the scope of reason, such as matters of faith. †Even though Aquinas is an advocate of the philosophy of Augustine, he recognizes that the Augustine sometimes talks only about will in describing sin. Aquinas explains thaat the exterior act, which is the veruy substance of the sin, is evil itsefl and thus it is necessary to include exterior acts in the definition of sin. †However, Augustine and Aquinas both agree that the sin is evil because it harms and diminishes natural good. Aquinas takes into consideration the application of the natural law. According to Aquinas, â€Å"when it is said that all sins are evil but not because they are prohibited, that prohibition is understood as an act of positive law. †Aquinas emphasizes that since the natural law comes fron the eternal law and acts of positive law are derived from the natural law, then all sins are evil. It is argued by Aquinas that evil is the privation of good and an individual can identify the extent of privation by what is left after such action. In this idea, Aquinas is stressing that â€Å"what remains of good after every sin is the same, since there remains after every sin the very nature of the soul and the freedom of choice by which humans can choose good and evil. †Aquinas tells that all sins are equal and are evil. The focal point of Aquinas in saying that all sins are evil and that all sins are equal is the only main source capable of commanding humans what they ought to be. As a theologian, Aquinas gives emphasis to God as the main source the nature and eternal and divine law. Aquinas says that â€Å"since all are the same in turning away from God, all sins are equal. †For Aquinas, every sin is evil because it is a deviation from reason and law. Aquinas describes sin as having no cause because it has the nature of evil. It has been discussed earlier that evil is the removal of goodness whats is lacking in humans as a wholly good. Aquinas emphasizes that what is missing cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. The same goes for sins. This concept makes both sin and evil as original which thrive on will that act against reason and divine moral law. Same with evil, God can never be the source of sin. Likewise evil can never be the cause of sin. In this sense, the evil of punishment serves as the sequel to sin. He compares evil of guilt to sin and declares that they have no difference. In saying that sin has a cause, Aquinas is quick to clarify that such cause is not necessarily a cause for sin can be impeded. This musing denotes that if there should be a necessary cause for sins, then people will keep on making sins since there is a cause inherent to them that makes them commit sins. Such notion echoes the perspective of Aquinas on whether sin has an internal cause. Aquinas argues that if sin has an internal cause, then man would always be sinning and since it has a cause, there will always be an effect. Aquinas also defines sin by mentioning virtue. Aquinas says, â€Å"But sin is evil because it takes away virtue. Therefore, all sins are equally evil, since every one of them equally takes away virtue. †Aquinas thinks of sins as contrary to virtues and that all virtues are equal. Therefore, Aquinas reaffirms that all sins are equal. He also come up with the idea of malice that is the equalizer of all sins. Aquinas says that â€Å"sin has malice in relation to turning away from God. †This feature in relation to the deviation from God states that circumstances tag the malice of sins as being more serious. Aquinas adds that â€Å" if circumstances should themselves have malice, they constitute species of sin and if they should not in themselves have any malice, there is no reason why they should make the sins more serious. †On the on the hand, the diversity in sins that other arguments are pointing to is a mere presentation of morally indifferent genus. Overall, Aquinas writes that all sins are evil in a sense that they both result in being unnatural, the failure of the natural rule that man ought to observe and obey. Evil and Sin According To Augustine Many of St. Augustine’s teachings on evil substantiate Aquinas concept. They both believe that the immutable God created only good things and He alone is the source of all being. Augustine negates all forms of theological and metaphysical dualism and puts great emphasis on God who is wholly good. According to Augustine, there is no dualism existing in the problem of evil. The thought of evil as not a being, a thing, or substance or entity liberates him from the Manichaean dualism,the belief that there exists two powerful beings, the good and evil. He realizes that all the God created are metaphysically and ontologically good in their being. He proposes that if evil were a being, a thing or an entity, then the problem fo evil will not be solved because it has a source. If the evil comes from God, then God is not all good and if it does not come from God, then He is not the powerful creator of all things. Augustine says that God is a spiritual and not a corporeal being and he â€Å"rejects Manichaeism’s materialistic dualism but embraces a different dualism between corporeal and spiritual beings, with God, angels, and human soul falling into the latter class. †Upon rejecting the Manicheism and its simple concept on the origin of evil, Augustines obliges himself to establish an alternative solution to the origins of evil and starts to proclaim that evil represents a free deviation from God and is not a positive entity in its own right. All of the works of the immutable Creator of men are revelations of God’s nature and therefore, all of His works are of wholly good. Both Augustine and Aquinas believe that evil does not come from God. In his struggle concerning the confusion over evil, Augustine further says that the evil is not something that is completely real biut only fragment that is dependent on that which is absolutely real. According to Augustine, evil is not a thing or substance but he is aware of its existence and that it can be divided into three kinds. Metaphysical evil is the lack of man’s perfection not because of his given nature but because they all fall short of complete perfection that only God can obtain. This is not actually considered evil. The second kind is the physical evil that is the privation of a certain perfection because of nature. This kind is being justified by Augustine together with the other theologians as under the jurisdiction of the general order of nature. The third kind if the moral evil, the only real evil. It is a sin or an act opposed to the will of God. The source of the moral evil is the faculty of free will in which man is able to turn away from the right order and deviate himself from the will of God. Augustine says, â€Å"sin is so voluntary that there is no sin unless it is voluntary. †He implies that there needs to be an act of moral will in any sin or the consent to turn away from God and to His will. Augustine emphasizes that moral evil is truly a sin for there is a consent. Sin settles itself in the free will, option, intention, and the motion of the soul, which instigates a wrong order into the world. Evil is â€Å"nothing but a privation of good until at last a thing ceases altogether to be. †An evil will is a kind of will that deviates away from God, the creator. Moreover, Augustine says that it is a disordered love and will, the wrong conformity to God’s will. The writings of Augustine on sin are associated with his Christian definition of evil. Augustine defines sin as the movement or the deviation of will endowed to humans away from God. He furthers his discussion of sin by stating that God can never be the author of sin just as He can never be the source of evil. Such movement of the human will away from the God the Creator is also referred by Augustine as the misdirection. According to him, as there is a misdirection on evil will, there is also a misdirection in the aspect of sin. Augustine explains that â€Å"sin is therefore an error or untruth and based upon the misconception of what is good for us. †Augustine says that when people choose to sin, they must have an intention of obtaining goodness or getting rid of something bad. He suggests that sin is more than an intellectucal error, it is the â€Å"misdirection of the will. †Augustine’s musing on sin as the misdirection of human will is demonstrated in man’s pursuit of happiness or pride. Augustine notes that pride is the â€Å"an appetite for inordinate exaltation,it when the soul cuts itself from the Source to which it should keep close and somehow makes itself and becomes an end to itself. †Augustine continues that inordinate exaltation takes place when the â€Å"soul is inordinately pleased with itself, and such self-pleasing occurs when the soul falls away away from the unchangeable Good which ought to please the sould far more than the soul can please itself. †He also validates his definition of sin by saying that what the people do for the sake of goodness ends in something negative or bad , and what people do in making things good ends in just making things worse. Augustine explains this paradox by writing that â€Å"except that the happiness of man can come not from himself but only from God, and that to live according to oneself is to sin is to lose God. †This paradox explicates that sin is the possibility of man to focus on himself rather than on the all-knowing God. It is therefore suggested that, based upon the writings of Augustine, not all sins are considered evil due to the categorization of evil involving nature. Irenaeus On Evil and Sin Little is known about Irenaeus and his works are mostly generated fromScriptures and the biblical domain. The understanding of sin found in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons has some contradictions when compared to the dominant Christian perspective influenced by Augustine in the fifth century. Irenaeus of Lyons interprets Genesis as the disobedience of man with Adam acting like an impulsive child. Irenaeus thinks of sin as pains and errors which grow. He says that there is no such a things as original sin or guilt that man inherited from his forefather, Adam. It is seen that he has a different view of the man’s fall compared to the teachings of later writers particularly Augustine. This idea posits that Irenaeus thinks of of the fall of Adam and Eve is not a rebellion against God the Creator but is a concrete illlustration of the failure of man to rise to greater heights and that humanity does not lose its original perfection. His view concerning the fall of the humanity’s forefatther raises many questions as it does not seems to be based on Scripture but it is derived solely from his rational interpretation. He further suggests that the without loss of life and the presence of evils, humanity will not repent. Unlike, Aquinas and Augustine, Irenaeus imparts that evil comes from God. In this idea, it is clearly manifested that Irenaeus upholds that the appearance of evil is of righteous purpose. According to him, the elements which appear evil, like death are planned by God. He says, â€Å"it is for this reason therefore that Paul calls Adam himself the ‘pattern of the one to come’ because the Word, the artisan of the universe, had sketched out in advance, in order to prepare the ground for himself, the future plan of the human race in its relation to to the Son of God, with God first of all establishing natural man order, quite obviously, that he might be saved by spiritual man. †In the said notion, Iranaeus outlines two distinct phases. Iraneaus writes that the â€Å"creation of humanity comes first, secondly comes its perfection through the incarnation of the Son, Christ Jesus, who transmits the Spirit of the whole human race. †It is evident that the advent of Christ is the sole purpose behind the creation of Adam. It is written that Irenaeus â€Å"does not identify evil with sin. †It is because he acknowledges the two types of evil. The first type is the physical evil that Irenaeus refers to as â€Å"arising from the nature of the creature for its is due to the opposition of contrary forces or to the sequences of events that obey natural laws: what seems to be an evil in the short run is a good on the cosmic. †According to Irenaeus, the second type of evil is the moral evil that he considers as sin. He declares that this type of evil is sin because it arises from the â€Å"jealousy of Satan and or certain angels who lured Adam into transgression. †Influenced by the writings of Johannine, Irenaeus defines sin as the â€Å"condition of human existence rather than a collection of individual actions. †According to Irenaeus of Lyon, moral evil is to be considered as a sin because it reflects God’s original design that is putting man into the test. This type of evil is generally accounted for man’s free will and his ability to discern right from wrong. Irenaeus says that â€Å"God had foreseen the angel’s sin as well as that of man, including the consequences, and he had sanctioned it. †Iraneaus places sin in history and writes that the fall of man is the gradual spread of evil because of the inevitability of personal sin, not as a particular shift in the human nature. Moreover, Irenaeus has made a comparison between the natural person and the perfection of the person to describe sin. According to him,body and soul constitute a natural person while the perfect human being is made up of body, soul and spirit. The inclusion of God’s spirit is the essence of Irenaeus idea of the redemption. People have been redemeed and have been saved so that they may flourish into what God wants them to be. For Iranaeus, not all sins can be considered as evil as man is not accountable for some existing evils such as those coming from the natural disasters known as natural evils. The only evil that can be deemed as sin are the moral evils caused by the selfishness of humanity. Sin and Evil According to Other Theologians Lactantius is one of the Christian thinkers to respond to the problem of evil and sin referring solely to God’s laws. According to Lactantius, the â€Å"chief good of the humanity is not to be found in the theories of the philosophers, for these have to do things common to animals as well as humans or things not available to all humans. †He refers to the one and true God as the chief good and the things which meant to satisfy the body that perishes as not good at all. For him, pleasure, power and wealth are not good and anything and the disobedience of God’s laws are evil and sin. Reinhold Niebuhr belongs to the category of formative Christian moral theorists. He says that sin is â€Å"inevitable but not necessary. †He furthers his explannation of sin by stating that the â€Å"temptation to sin lies in the human situation itself. †Niebuhr stresses that the will and freedom endowed to man is the basis of his creativity and it is also his temptation. While Irenaeus declares that people need evil to spiritual grow, Niebuhr upholds his realist theory that people do not need sin and no perfection can completely liberate human beings from the reality of sin. Walter Rauschenbusch is included into the group of thinkers who deal with the importance of sin in salvation. According to him, â€Å"when we undertook to define the nature of sin, we accepted the old definition, that sin is selfishness and rebellion against God , but we insisted on putting humanity into the picture. †He further explains that the description of sin as selfishness will be accepted for as long as the humanity is perceived as a great solidarity with God thriving on it. He emphasizes that if sin is selfishness, then â€Å"man’s selfishness consisted in a selfish attitude, in which he was at the centre of the universe, and God and all his fellowmen were means to serve his pleasures, increase his wealth and set off his egotisms. †He also rescue the dosctrine of the origin of sin from literal interpretations by recognizing the active sources of sin in the later generations and in the contemporary period. He was criticized upon recognizing that both goodness and sinfulness can be determined by social environment. Rauschenbusch explains that what can be evil is dictated by the society and the same goes for sin. He says that the good maybe forced to do bad while the bad maybe forced to do good as dictated by the society. Conclusion In the tradition of religion and theology, the definition of sin is related to the problem on evil. The question addresed in this paper is whether sin leads to evil or evil leads to sin. The definition of evil and sin according to several theologians were explored in this paper in order to understand the relationship between evil and sin. Based from the literatures studied, it is said that the relationship between evil and sin can be associated with reconciliation, salvation, the fall of Adam and the society itself, and morality. It is clearly manifested that the connection between sin and evil can be interchangeable such that evil can lead to sin and sin can lead to evil. The interchangeable connection is due to the observed judgement that evil and sin have the same feature as the deviation from what man ought to be. In this sense, all evil can be sin but not all sins are considered evil due to the fact that sin comprises only the moral and spiritual side of the humanity. The inquiry on whether every sin is evil is answered on the definition of evil in which various theologians categorize into various theories. This paper has observed that every theologian has his or her own conception on evil and sin and it is evident that their concepts have been derived from other theologians who took insights also from other thinkers. This is to say that evil and sin can be both the same in a sense that they both have the same characteristics constructed by thinkers who draw insights from their influences. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aquinas, Thomas. â€Å"The Subject and Approach of the De Malo,†in On Evil, eds. Richard J. Regan and Brian Davies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Aquinas, Thomas, Summa Theologiae: Volume 25: Sin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Lacoste, Jean-Yves, ed. Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, Vol 1. New York: Routledge, 2005. Mann,William E. â€Å"Augustine on Evil and Original Sin,†in The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, eds. Eleonore Stump and Norman Kretzmann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Wogaman, J. Philip. Christian Ethics: A Historical Introduction. Kentucky: Westminster/John knox Press, 1993.
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